Catatan

Despite its negative health effects, smoking remains the leading cause of prevent-
able death and disability in the United States [ 1 ]. Smoking accounts for 1 in 5 deaths

and $193 billion in healthcare costs each year [ 1 – 3 ]. Although there was a decline
in smoking rates following the release of the Surgeon General’s report in 1965,
prevalence rates have remained relatively stable over the past 20 years [ 4 , 5 ].
Currently, approximately 18 % of adults in the USA are regular cigarette smokers
[ 6 ]. Prevalence rates are higher among males (20.5 %) compared to females (15.8 %),
and American Indians/Alaska Natives (21.8 %) compared to Whites (19.7 %),

African-Americans (18.1 %), and Asians (10.7 %; [ 6 ]). Of importance to note, indi-
viduals with less education and lower incomes are particularly vulnerable to smok-
ing. From a treatment perspective, it is key to emphasize that the majority of current

smokers want to quit, and approximately half of all smokers try to quit each year;
however, fewer than 6 % will achieve long-term quitting [ 7 , 8 ].