Catatan

The development of protein-sequencing methods (Sanger and Tuppy 1951) led to the
sequencing of representatives of several of the more common protein families such as

cytochromes from a variety of organisms. Margaret Dayhoff (1972, 1978) and her collabo-
rators at the National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), Washington, DC, were the

first to assemble databases of these sequences into a protein sequence atlas in the 1960s, and
their collection center eventually became known as the Protein Information Resource (PIR,
formerly Protein Identification Resource; http://watson.gmu.edu:8080/pirwww/index.
html). The NBRF maintained the database from 1984, and in 1988, the PIR-International
Protein Sequence Database (http://www-nbrf.georgetown.edu/pir) was established as a
collaboration of NBRF, the Munich Center for Protein Sequences (MIPS), and the Japan
International Protein Information Database (JIPID).