Catatan

The use of herbal products has increased because they are considered beneficial for maintaining health and helping to treat various health conditions. However, the use of herbal products may also pose risks, including adverse effects, toxicity, and interactions with conventional medications. This study aims to examine the toxicological and clinical pharmacological aspects of commonly used herbal products, including their pharmacological benefits, adverse effects, and potential health risks. The method used was a literature study based on the book *Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology of Herbal Products*, edited by Melanie Johns Cupp. This review covers various herbal plants, such as *Ginkgo biloba*, kava, valerian, ginger, garlic, ginseng, chamomile, and aloe. The aspects discussed include traditional and clinical uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological effects, toxicity in various organs, adverse effects, drug interactions, pharmacokinetics, chemical analysis, and regulatory aspects of herbal products. The findings indicate that herbal products possess various pharmacological activities; however, their use is not always free from risks. Certain herbal plants may cause disorders affecting the nervous, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, and other body systems. Furthermore, concurrent use with certain medications may lead to interactions that can affect treatment safety. Therefore, understanding the benefits, dosage, adverse effects, and potential interactions of herbal products is essential to ensure their safe and rational use.

Keywords: herbal products, toxicology, clinical pharmacology, adverse effects, drug interactions.